APPENDIX 1 WLN/OCLC CONSPECTUS DIVISIONS 附錄1 WLN/OCLC概觀分配
Division Prefix LC Prefix Dewey
AGRICULTURE 農業學 AGR AGD
ANTHROPOLOGY 人類學 ANT AND
ART & ARCHITECTURE 藝術與建築學 ART ARD
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 生物科學 BIO BID
BUSINESS & ECONOMICS 商業與經濟學 ECO BUD
CHEMISTRY 化學 CHE CHD
COMPUTER SCIENCE 電腦科學 COM CSD
EDUCATION 教育學 EDU EDD
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY 工程與工藝學 TEC END
GEOGRAPHY & EARTH SCIENCE 地理與地球科學 GEO GED
HISTORY & AUXILIARY SCIENCES HIS HID
歷史與輔助科學
LANGUAGE, LINGUISTICS & LITERATURE LLL LAD
語言、語言學和文學
LAW 法律學 LAW LA
LIBRARY SCIENCE 圖書館學 LIS DLS
MATHEMATICS 數學 MAT MAD
MEDICINE 醫學 MED DME
MUSIC 音樂 MUS MUD
PERFORMING ARTS 表演藝術 PER PED
PHILOSOPHY & RELIGION 哲學與宗教 PAR PHD
PHYSICAL EDUCATION & RECREATION 體育與休閒 PHR DPH
PHYSICAL SCIENCES 物理學 PHY PUD
POLITICAL SCIENCE 政治學 POL POD
PSYCHOLOGY 心理學 PSY PSD
SOCIOLOGY 社會學 SOC SOD
APPENDIX 2 CONSPECTUS COLLECTION DEPTH INDICATOR DEFINITIONS
附錄2 概觀館藏深度指標定義
The following revised Conspectus collection depth indicator definitions were developed in 1996 and early 1997 under the auspices of the Association of Research Libraries with the help of WLN (Western Library Network). More than 30 active Conspectus users from the United States and abroad worked together to update the original language in a way that would improve the use of the definitions without diminishing the value of assessments that had employed the original definitions.
以下修訂的概觀館藏深度指標定義，由研究圖書館協會的贊助和 WLN (西部圖書館網絡)的幫助下，已在1996年和1997年初發展。超過30名來自美國和國外的積極概觀使用者一起合作，以更新原始語言的方式，改善定義的使用，這沒有使用原來的定義而使得評估的價值減少。
The revised definitions are the result of a conscious attempt to make them uniformly applicable to all subjects. Consequently, the definitions are generic. Supplemental guidelines have been and should continue to be developed to communicate common sets of understanding about the definitions within the context of a particular subject or area, e.g., fiction, children’s literature, architecture, etc.
經過修訂的定義，是有意識地試圖使它們統一適用於所有主題的結果。因此，定義對所有主題來講是通用的。補充的指導方針應該繼續發展，以傳播普遍關於某些特定主題或領域的定義範圍，例如，小說、兒童文學、建築等等。
The revised definitions also reflect the need to deal more adequately with non-print and electronicforms of information and access/ownership issues in collection development.
經過修訂的定義，在館藏發展上也反映了需要更適當地處理非印刷和電子形式的資訊，以及近用/所有權的問題。
For topics requiring information in non-print formats at the Basic Information level and beyond, it is assumed that appropriate visual, aural and other materials will also be collected, e.g., dance, music, etc. To determine the appropriate collecting levels for topics in which non-print resources are essential, add the phrase "appropriate non-print media" to the line detailing the collecting of monographs and reference works. For example, Basic Information Level for a music collection would include "a limited collection of monographs, reference works and appropriate non-print media materials."
為了主題的需求，非印刷形式的資料在基本的資訊標準範圍內或是超越範圍，它假定適當的視覺、聽覺和其他也將被收集的資料，如舞蹈、音樂等等。要決定適當的主題的館藏層級，其中非印刷資源是不可少的，加上“適當的非印刷媒體”詳細的說明收集的專著和參考作品。例如，音樂館藏的基本資訊層級將包括“有限的專著收集、參考作品和適當的非印刷媒體資料。”
Relevant electronic resources are equivalent to print materials at any level as long as the policies and procedures for their use permit at least an equivalent information-gathering experience. Electronic journals, whether remotely or locally stored, are equivalent to print journals if
只要政策和程序為了使用，允許至少一個相當於資訊收集的經驗，在任何層級裡有關電子資源都相當於印刷資料。電子期刊，無論是遠距離或本地收藏，都相當於印刷期刊，如果
1. access to the electronic resources is at least equal to the print product;
使用電子資源至少與印刷品相等;
2. there is access to a sufficient number of terminals; and
有足夠數量的終端來供使用者使用;和
3. the information comes at no additional cost to the patron.
使用贊助者的資訊不需要額外的花費。
Similarly, a full text electronic archive of monographs, periodicals, images, etc., whether loaded locally or accessed over the Internet, is also equal to the original format if patron access and cost are equal or superior.
同樣地，全文電子專著的檔案、期刊、圖像等等，不論是本地來負擔或開放近用遍佈在網路上，也相當於原來的格式，如果贊助使用和成本費用是相等的或者是更高。
Document delivery services that are not instantaneous are not the same as those providing immediate availability on-site or electronically. The Conspectus measures resources owned by a library and its branches, if any, or those resources that are immediately accessible. The Conspectus does not measure what is obtained on a delayed basis from another library system or vendor, whether the delay is 10 hours or 10 days. Nonetheless, Conspectus users should feel free to provide details in the Notes Field about library user services which supplement but do not replace the library’s owned resources.
文獻傳遞服務不是即時的，也不同於提供現場或是透過電子方式立即可使用的。概觀資源的擁有是藉由圖書館或是其分館，如果有的話，這些資源可以立即獲得。該概觀不會從評估其他圖書館系統或供應商，而獲得一個延遲的準則，不論延遲10小時或10天。儘管如此，概觀使用者應在需注意的地方中免費提供關於圖書館使用者服務的補充說明，但並非取代圖書館所擁有的資源。
2008年12月27日 星期六
2008年12月20日 星期六
館藏發展 - 12.16
E. Collection evaluation methods
館藏評估方法
The techniques and processes used to gather data for collection assessment are briefly described below. The data ideally describe in a succinct fashion the strength and depth of existing collections and provide a basis on which to assign collection levels.
用於館藏評估的收集資料之方法和步驟，簡要說明如下。資料理想上以簡潔的方式敘述其現有館藏的強度和深度，和提供一個指定館藏層級的基礎。
Some techniques are essential and should be used consistently, while others are valuable under certain circumstances and not always necessary. It is up to the individual conducting the evaluation to select the methods, which will be used for each segment of the collection. This decision is based upon the availability of data, the amount of staff and other support available, and the goal for the final outcome (how it will be used in the library/institution). The techniques available for evaluating collections may be divided into two groups: those that are primarily collection-centered and those that are client-centered. Collection-centered techniques examine the content and characteristics of the information resources in order to determine the size, age, scope and depth of the collection in comparison to an external standard. Client-centered techniques describe how the collection is used and indicate the effectiveness of the collection relative to use. Collection assessment is likely to be most accurate and produce the most useful results when combinations of client-centered and collection-centered techniques, including both quantitative and qualitative results are employed in the data gathering and description process.
有些不可缺少的方法應被一貫地使用，然而在某些情況下其他的方法是有用的，但不一定是必要的。它取決於個別處理選擇評估的方法，這將會用於每個部分的館藏。
這個決定是根據現有的資料、工作人員數量和他其支援、最終的目標(如何將它用於圖書館/機構)。用於評估館藏的方法可分為兩大類：以館藏為導向和以使用者為導向。以館藏為導向的方法，審查資料來源的內容和特點，以決定館藏的大小、年齡、範圍、深度，來跟外部的標準做比較。以使用者為導向的方法，描述了館藏的使用情形和指出相關館藏有效的使用情形。館藏評估在結合以使用者為導向和以館藏為導向的方法時，很可能是最準確和產生最有效結果的。
包括利用資料收集和描述的過程時量和質的結果。
- Quantitative Measures
量的測量
Quantitative measures reveal size, age, use, costs and other numeric data. Examples of quantitative measures include inventory, or shelf list measures to determine actual title or volume counts, by segment or subject area. Median age or similar measures indicate the currency of the materials. Amount expended for acquisitions in a segment or subject area per year illustrates the ongoing commitment to develop that area. Percentage of titles owned by a library when compared to a standard list shows the breadth and depth of the collection. Use statistics (including internal library use and ILL) are both collection and client-centered.
量的測量顯示出大小、年齡、使用、費用和其他數字的資料。例子包括以部分或主題項，來測量詳細的目錄或架子上的清單，以確定實際名稱或卷數。中間的年齡或類似的測量指出了資料的流通。每年花在用於獲取部分或主題項的費用，說明了不斷致力於開發這個領域。圖書館所擁有書籍和一個標準的目錄做比較，可以顯示其館藏的廣度和深度。使用統計資料(包括內部使用和館際互借)都有館藏和使用者導向。
- Qualitative Measures
質的測量
Qualitative measures are obtained through subjective evaluation and involve the professional judgment of librarians, appraisal from subject experts, or the opinion of customers. These techniques include impressions of the condition, character and appropriateness of a section of the collection. Another qualitative technique is the judgment made by comparison of one subject in the collection to a similar subject in another library, or to a subject bibliography.
質的測量是透過圖書館員的主觀評價和專業判斷、主題專家的評價、或使用者的意見。這些方法包括環境的影響、特性和適合的館藏細目。另一個定質的方法，是跟另一個圖書館館藏學科中比較相似的主題，或是跟一個書目的主題來做比較後所得到評估。
F. Collection depth indicators
館藏深度指標
The collection depth indicators, or levels, are numerical values used to describe a library’s collecting activity and goals. Three aspects of collection management are considered: current collection level, acquisition commitment, and collection goal.
館藏深度的指標或層級，是用來描述一個圖書館的收集活動和目標的一個數值。三個面向的館藏管理被認為是：目前的館藏層級、採購保證和館藏目標。
Collection depth indicator definitions (see Appendix 2):
館藏深度指標的定義(見附錄2)
0 = out of scope 超過範圍
1 = minimal information level 最低資料層級
2 = basic information level 基本的資料層級
3 = study or instructional support level 支持學習或教學的層級
4 = research level 研究層級
5 = comprehensive level 綜合層級
G. Language codes (RLG) 語言代碼 (RLG)
E: English language material predominates; little or no foreign language material is in the collection.
館藏以英語資料為主；很少或根本沒有外國語言的資料。
F: Selected foreign language material included in addition to the English material.
選擇除了英文資料之外的國外語言資料。
W: Wide selection of material in all applicable languages. No programmatic decision is made to restrict materials according to language.
在所有適用的語言中廣泛的選擇資料。沒有計劃所做出的決定，會根據語言去限
制資料。
Y: Material is primarily in one foreign language. The overall focus is on collecting material in the vernacular of the area.
資料主要是在一個外國的語言。全部的重點則是收集地區方言的資料。
H. Language codes (WLN) 語言代碼 (WLN)
P: Primary language of the country predominates --- little or no other language material.
國家的主要語言佔大多數---很少或根本沒有其他語言的資料。
S: Selected other language material included in addition to the primary language.
選定除了主要語言的其他語言的資料。
W: Wide selection of languages represented.
廣泛選擇代表的語言
X: Material is mainly in one language other than the primary language of the library and country.
資料的語言，是除了圖書館和國家主要的語言以外的語言。
I. Policy implementation and revision timetables
政策的執行和修訂時間表
This describes the process for implementation, timetable for revision and other official adoption issues and introduces the notion of control.
這描述執行的過程、修訂的時間表和其他採納的議題，並介紹控制的概念。
Control 控制
• Check the regular and pertinent application of the collection development policy on future acquisitions.
在未來的採購上，檢查館藏發展政策的固定和恰當的應用。
• Call into question standing orders and subscriptions; thus apply retrospectively current policy standards on existing collections and relegate documents not fulfilling updated objectives.
質疑長期訂購和訂閱；從而使現有館藏適用於追溯到現行政策的標準，並淘汰沒有符合最新目標的文件。
Revision 修訂
• Re-examine the policy text at a frequency to be determined in order to detect insufficiences and integrate new needs or recent modifications such as budget cuts, new curricula, etc.
固定時間去重新檢查政策正文，以找出不適當的地方，並結合新的需求或是最近的修改，如預算的刪減、新的課程等等。
館藏評估方法
The techniques and processes used to gather data for collection assessment are briefly described below. The data ideally describe in a succinct fashion the strength and depth of existing collections and provide a basis on which to assign collection levels.
用於館藏評估的收集資料之方法和步驟，簡要說明如下。資料理想上以簡潔的方式敘述其現有館藏的強度和深度，和提供一個指定館藏層級的基礎。
Some techniques are essential and should be used consistently, while others are valuable under certain circumstances and not always necessary. It is up to the individual conducting the evaluation to select the methods, which will be used for each segment of the collection. This decision is based upon the availability of data, the amount of staff and other support available, and the goal for the final outcome (how it will be used in the library/institution). The techniques available for evaluating collections may be divided into two groups: those that are primarily collection-centered and those that are client-centered. Collection-centered techniques examine the content and characteristics of the information resources in order to determine the size, age, scope and depth of the collection in comparison to an external standard. Client-centered techniques describe how the collection is used and indicate the effectiveness of the collection relative to use. Collection assessment is likely to be most accurate and produce the most useful results when combinations of client-centered and collection-centered techniques, including both quantitative and qualitative results are employed in the data gathering and description process.
有些不可缺少的方法應被一貫地使用，然而在某些情況下其他的方法是有用的，但不一定是必要的。它取決於個別處理選擇評估的方法，這將會用於每個部分的館藏。
這個決定是根據現有的資料、工作人員數量和他其支援、最終的目標(如何將它用於圖書館/機構)。用於評估館藏的方法可分為兩大類：以館藏為導向和以使用者為導向。以館藏為導向的方法，審查資料來源的內容和特點，以決定館藏的大小、年齡、範圍、深度，來跟外部的標準做比較。以使用者為導向的方法，描述了館藏的使用情形和指出相關館藏有效的使用情形。館藏評估在結合以使用者為導向和以館藏為導向的方法時，很可能是最準確和產生最有效結果的。
包括利用資料收集和描述的過程時量和質的結果。
- Quantitative Measures
量的測量
Quantitative measures reveal size, age, use, costs and other numeric data. Examples of quantitative measures include inventory, or shelf list measures to determine actual title or volume counts, by segment or subject area. Median age or similar measures indicate the currency of the materials. Amount expended for acquisitions in a segment or subject area per year illustrates the ongoing commitment to develop that area. Percentage of titles owned by a library when compared to a standard list shows the breadth and depth of the collection. Use statistics (including internal library use and ILL) are both collection and client-centered.
量的測量顯示出大小、年齡、使用、費用和其他數字的資料。例子包括以部分或主題項，來測量詳細的目錄或架子上的清單，以確定實際名稱或卷數。中間的年齡或類似的測量指出了資料的流通。每年花在用於獲取部分或主題項的費用，說明了不斷致力於開發這個領域。圖書館所擁有書籍和一個標準的目錄做比較，可以顯示其館藏的廣度和深度。使用統計資料(包括內部使用和館際互借)都有館藏和使用者導向。
- Qualitative Measures
質的測量
Qualitative measures are obtained through subjective evaluation and involve the professional judgment of librarians, appraisal from subject experts, or the opinion of customers. These techniques include impressions of the condition, character and appropriateness of a section of the collection. Another qualitative technique is the judgment made by comparison of one subject in the collection to a similar subject in another library, or to a subject bibliography.
質的測量是透過圖書館員的主觀評價和專業判斷、主題專家的評價、或使用者的意見。這些方法包括環境的影響、特性和適合的館藏細目。另一個定質的方法，是跟另一個圖書館館藏學科中比較相似的主題，或是跟一個書目的主題來做比較後所得到評估。
F. Collection depth indicators
館藏深度指標
The collection depth indicators, or levels, are numerical values used to describe a library’s collecting activity and goals. Three aspects of collection management are considered: current collection level, acquisition commitment, and collection goal.
館藏深度的指標或層級，是用來描述一個圖書館的收集活動和目標的一個數值。三個面向的館藏管理被認為是：目前的館藏層級、採購保證和館藏目標。
Collection depth indicator definitions (see Appendix 2):
館藏深度指標的定義(見附錄2)
0 = out of scope 超過範圍
1 = minimal information level 最低資料層級
2 = basic information level 基本的資料層級
3 = study or instructional support level 支持學習或教學的層級
4 = research level 研究層級
5 = comprehensive level 綜合層級
G. Language codes (RLG) 語言代碼 (RLG)
E: English language material predominates; little or no foreign language material is in the collection.
館藏以英語資料為主；很少或根本沒有外國語言的資料。
F: Selected foreign language material included in addition to the English material.
選擇除了英文資料之外的國外語言資料。
W: Wide selection of material in all applicable languages. No programmatic decision is made to restrict materials according to language.
在所有適用的語言中廣泛的選擇資料。沒有計劃所做出的決定，會根據語言去限
制資料。
Y: Material is primarily in one foreign language. The overall focus is on collecting material in the vernacular of the area.
資料主要是在一個外國的語言。全部的重點則是收集地區方言的資料。
H. Language codes (WLN) 語言代碼 (WLN)
P: Primary language of the country predominates --- little or no other language material.
國家的主要語言佔大多數---很少或根本沒有其他語言的資料。
S: Selected other language material included in addition to the primary language.
選定除了主要語言的其他語言的資料。
W: Wide selection of languages represented.
廣泛選擇代表的語言
X: Material is mainly in one language other than the primary language of the library and country.
資料的語言，是除了圖書館和國家主要的語言以外的語言。
I. Policy implementation and revision timetables
政策的執行和修訂時間表
This describes the process for implementation, timetable for revision and other official adoption issues and introduces the notion of control.
這描述執行的過程、修訂的時間表和其他採納的議題，並介紹控制的概念。
Control 控制
• Check the regular and pertinent application of the collection development policy on future acquisitions.
在未來的採購上，檢查館藏發展政策的固定和恰當的應用。
• Call into question standing orders and subscriptions; thus apply retrospectively current policy standards on existing collections and relegate documents not fulfilling updated objectives.
質疑長期訂購和訂閱；從而使現有館藏適用於追溯到現行政策的標準，並淘汰沒有符合最新目標的文件。
Revision 修訂
• Re-examine the policy text at a frequency to be determined in order to detect insufficiences and integrate new needs or recent modifications such as budget cuts, new curricula, etc.
固定時間去重新檢查政策正文，以找出不適當的地方，並結合新的需求或是最近的修改，如預算的刪減、新的課程等等。
2008年12月17日 星期三
開放近用資訊 - 12.11
Open Access in the Natural Sciences
自然科學的開放近用
By Wolfgang Voges, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Owing to the large number of disciplines and the extremely varied ways of handling scientific knowledge, the willingness of scientists to grant Open Access to research results is not uniform. The arguments for and against the Open Access movement are complex and sometimes controversial. Therefore a description and evaluation granting every aspect of the argument the attention it deserves cannot be given in this brief contribution. For example, there are several fields where commercial considerations regarding inventions and patent rights play such a large role that we cannot expect cost-free access to research results and data, either now or in the future.
由於大量的學科和極為不同的科學知識處理方法，科學家同意開放近用其研究結果的意願並不一致。贊成和反對開放近用運動是複雜的，有時也會引起爭議。因此，在這簡短的文獻裡，不能描述和評估每一方面的論點裡的重點。例如，有幾個領域和商業考量有關，如發明和專利權利就扮演很重要的角色，無論是現在或將來，我們不能指望免費獲得近用這些研究成果和數據。
I will limit myself to a rough description of the situation in the fields of astronomy and astrophysics in which a differentiated but predominantly positive attitude towards Open Access prevails. Research results in publications are generally handled quite liberally. Scientists wish to have their findings disseminated quickly and widely in order to allow global discussion and thus growth in knowledge. Electronic distribution and availability lend themselves to this objective. In many areas of physics it has been possible for years to make new publications awaiting peer review available for free on an electronic pre-print server (http://lanl.arXiv.org). So far, more than 415 000 e-prints have been deposited there, and the much discussed problem of quality control also seems to have been solved satisfactorily on this server.
我將只粗略的描述天文學和天體物理學領域中的情況，其中有差別，但是對開放近用主要是持積極態度。處理研究成果的出版物，通常是相當寬鬆。科學家希望他們的調查結果散布迅速且廣泛，使全球能夠討論，從而增長知識。電子的散布和可用性適合於這一目標。在許多物理學的領域裡，等待同儕評閱的新出版物，提供免費的電子預打印服務器(http://lanl.arXiv.org)，它已行之有年。
到目前為止，已有超過415000的電子印刷存放在這，而且許多討論到的質量控制的問題，似乎也在此服務器上得到令人滿意的解決。
Particularly in the field of astronomy, every 10-15 years a new generation of instruments provides more detailed data, permitting new approaches and insights. This rapid turnover causes ‘old’ data to lose some of their value. Their short lifespan requires research results to be published quickly, to be freely accessible, and to be speedily discussed.
特別是在天文學領域中，每10年至15年新一代的儀器提供更詳細的數據，允許新的方法和見解。這種儀器快速的更換率造成'舊'的數據失去他們的一些價值。它們的壽命短，需要研究成果被迅速刊登、可自由近用並迅速予以討論。
In my opinion, it is imperative to apply the Open Access philosophy not just to publications but also to primary data. This includes, for example, the provision of tools for data analysis, data mining and for the presentation of data and results. However, the willingness to make these data available at an early stage varies. While scientists involved in space research have always ensured the early availability and longterm safeguarding of their recorded data, this is not yet the case for earth-bound observations. A frequent line of argument is that financial means are only provided for the science itself and not for services such as archiving data. The solution here is to change the funders’ way of thinking, and to accustom scientists with the need to take into account the cost of publishing data when planning grant applications.
在我看來，實施開放近用主義的當務之急，是出版品和原始數據。例如，為數據分析、數據探勘、數據和結果的呈現提供工具。然而，願意使這些數據可以近用，在早期階段各不相同。有關太空的科學家，始終要確保他們的記錄數據早日可用性和長期維護，而這還不是如此約束性的意見。研究一個常見的論點是，財政手段只是提供了科學本身，而不是為了服務，如數據的歸檔。這裡的解決辦法是改變供資者的思維方式，並習慣於科學家們需求，考慮到補助金申請時，數據出版規劃的成本。
A much-discussed issue in this context is the necessity for a certain ‘embargo period’ during which scientists would have the exclusive right to evaluate ‘their’ data. Many publishers incorporate this type of embargo period into copyright agreements. In this context, scientists would favour a standardised and uncomplicated form that they can fill out quickly.
在此背景下，一個被大為討論的問題是，在某些'禁止期間'裡，科學家在此期間將有專屬權利評價'他們的'數據的必要性。許多出版商將這種類型的禁止期間合併成版權協議。在此背景下，科學家將偏好標準化和簡單的形式，以利他們可以迅速地填寫。
There are already some examples of excellent Open Access journals that can boast considerable impact factors (e.g. New Journal of Physics, Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, as well as the Open Access journals of the European Geosciences Union). However, their acceptance amongst scientists is still relatively low. At the moment, traditional methods of publication are still preferred, since some fear that otherwise their colleagues would not find and quote their article. There is still much convincing to be done here and incentives have to be created to promote the submission of works to Open Access journals. Thus the Max Planck Society takes responsibility for the fees required to publish work in the New Journal of Physics. Traditional publishers should also examine the various opportunities created by the electronic age in order to introduce future products to the market that will appeal to the scientific community and guarantee their survival. Together with the scientists, the challenge should be accepted and new forms of publication should be developed.
已經有一些傑出的開放近用學刊，可以擁有相當大的影響力(例如：新物理學刊、天體粒子和宇宙物理學刊，以及歐洲地球科學聯盟開放近用學刊)。然而，科學家的接受度仍然是相當低的。目前，傳統方法的出版物仍然是較被喜好的，因為有些人害怕，使用其他的方式，他們的同行會找不到和不引用他們的文章。在這仍然有許多說服工作要做，和建立鼓勵措施，以促進開放近用學刊裡著作的提交。因此，德國馬克學會負責新物理學刊出版著作時所需要的費用。傳統的出版商也應審視電子時代創造的各種機會，以利在市場上引進未來的產品，這將有助於科學界和保障他們的生存。科學家和出版商們，應該接受所面臨的挑戰和出版品的形式應加以發展。
自然科學的開放近用
By Wolfgang Voges, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Owing to the large number of disciplines and the extremely varied ways of handling scientific knowledge, the willingness of scientists to grant Open Access to research results is not uniform. The arguments for and against the Open Access movement are complex and sometimes controversial. Therefore a description and evaluation granting every aspect of the argument the attention it deserves cannot be given in this brief contribution. For example, there are several fields where commercial considerations regarding inventions and patent rights play such a large role that we cannot expect cost-free access to research results and data, either now or in the future.
由於大量的學科和極為不同的科學知識處理方法，科學家同意開放近用其研究結果的意願並不一致。贊成和反對開放近用運動是複雜的，有時也會引起爭議。因此，在這簡短的文獻裡，不能描述和評估每一方面的論點裡的重點。例如，有幾個領域和商業考量有關，如發明和專利權利就扮演很重要的角色，無論是現在或將來，我們不能指望免費獲得近用這些研究成果和數據。
I will limit myself to a rough description of the situation in the fields of astronomy and astrophysics in which a differentiated but predominantly positive attitude towards Open Access prevails. Research results in publications are generally handled quite liberally. Scientists wish to have their findings disseminated quickly and widely in order to allow global discussion and thus growth in knowledge. Electronic distribution and availability lend themselves to this objective. In many areas of physics it has been possible for years to make new publications awaiting peer review available for free on an electronic pre-print server (http://lanl.arXiv.org). So far, more than 415 000 e-prints have been deposited there, and the much discussed problem of quality control also seems to have been solved satisfactorily on this server.
我將只粗略的描述天文學和天體物理學領域中的情況，其中有差別，但是對開放近用主要是持積極態度。處理研究成果的出版物，通常是相當寬鬆。科學家希望他們的調查結果散布迅速且廣泛，使全球能夠討論，從而增長知識。電子的散布和可用性適合於這一目標。在許多物理學的領域裡，等待同儕評閱的新出版物，提供免費的電子預打印服務器(http://lanl.arXiv.org)，它已行之有年。
到目前為止，已有超過415000的電子印刷存放在這，而且許多討論到的質量控制的問題，似乎也在此服務器上得到令人滿意的解決。
Particularly in the field of astronomy, every 10-15 years a new generation of instruments provides more detailed data, permitting new approaches and insights. This rapid turnover causes ‘old’ data to lose some of their value. Their short lifespan requires research results to be published quickly, to be freely accessible, and to be speedily discussed.
特別是在天文學領域中，每10年至15年新一代的儀器提供更詳細的數據，允許新的方法和見解。這種儀器快速的更換率造成'舊'的數據失去他們的一些價值。它們的壽命短，需要研究成果被迅速刊登、可自由近用並迅速予以討論。
In my opinion, it is imperative to apply the Open Access philosophy not just to publications but also to primary data. This includes, for example, the provision of tools for data analysis, data mining and for the presentation of data and results. However, the willingness to make these data available at an early stage varies. While scientists involved in space research have always ensured the early availability and longterm safeguarding of their recorded data, this is not yet the case for earth-bound observations. A frequent line of argument is that financial means are only provided for the science itself and not for services such as archiving data. The solution here is to change the funders’ way of thinking, and to accustom scientists with the need to take into account the cost of publishing data when planning grant applications.
在我看來，實施開放近用主義的當務之急，是出版品和原始數據。例如，為數據分析、數據探勘、數據和結果的呈現提供工具。然而，願意使這些數據可以近用，在早期階段各不相同。有關太空的科學家，始終要確保他們的記錄數據早日可用性和長期維護，而這還不是如此約束性的意見。研究一個常見的論點是，財政手段只是提供了科學本身，而不是為了服務，如數據的歸檔。這裡的解決辦法是改變供資者的思維方式，並習慣於科學家們需求，考慮到補助金申請時，數據出版規劃的成本。
A much-discussed issue in this context is the necessity for a certain ‘embargo period’ during which scientists would have the exclusive right to evaluate ‘their’ data. Many publishers incorporate this type of embargo period into copyright agreements. In this context, scientists would favour a standardised and uncomplicated form that they can fill out quickly.
在此背景下，一個被大為討論的問題是，在某些'禁止期間'裡，科學家在此期間將有專屬權利評價'他們的'數據的必要性。許多出版商將這種類型的禁止期間合併成版權協議。在此背景下，科學家將偏好標準化和簡單的形式，以利他們可以迅速地填寫。
There are already some examples of excellent Open Access journals that can boast considerable impact factors (e.g. New Journal of Physics, Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, as well as the Open Access journals of the European Geosciences Union). However, their acceptance amongst scientists is still relatively low. At the moment, traditional methods of publication are still preferred, since some fear that otherwise their colleagues would not find and quote their article. There is still much convincing to be done here and incentives have to be created to promote the submission of works to Open Access journals. Thus the Max Planck Society takes responsibility for the fees required to publish work in the New Journal of Physics. Traditional publishers should also examine the various opportunities created by the electronic age in order to introduce future products to the market that will appeal to the scientific community and guarantee their survival. Together with the scientists, the challenge should be accepted and new forms of publication should be developed.
已經有一些傑出的開放近用學刊，可以擁有相當大的影響力(例如：新物理學刊、天體粒子和宇宙物理學刊，以及歐洲地球科學聯盟開放近用學刊)。然而，科學家的接受度仍然是相當低的。目前，傳統方法的出版物仍然是較被喜好的，因為有些人害怕，使用其他的方式，他們的同行會找不到和不引用他們的文章。在這仍然有許多說服工作要做，和建立鼓勵措施，以促進開放近用學刊裡著作的提交。因此，德國馬克學會負責新物理學刊出版著作時所需要的費用。傳統的出版商也應審視電子時代創造的各種機會，以利在市場上引進未來的產品，這將有助於科學界和保障他們的生存。科學家和出版商們，應該接受所面臨的挑戰和出版品的形式應加以發展。
2008年12月13日 星期六
館藏發展 - 12.09
COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT POLICY ELEMENTS
館藏發展政策要點
A. Introduction
The main reason to write a collection development policy is to prevent the library from being driven by events or by individual enthusiasms and from purchasing a random set of resources, which may not support the mission of the library. Besides, electronic resources are becoming increasingly important to libraries of all types and sizes, and are consuming an ever-increasing share of library budgets. Therefore, selection decisions concerning electronic information resources should also be made within an explicit collection development policy. This might be a separate policy or an integrated one.
寫一份館藏發展政策最主要的原因，是為了防止圖書館被事件或個別的熱情驅使而購買一套隨機的資源，這資源可能不支持圖書館的任務。此外，電子資源對所有類型和規模的圖書館來說，正變得越來越重要，以及圖書館花費越來越多的預算在這上面。因此，也應有明確的館藏發展政策，甄選決定關於電子資訊資源。這可能是一個單獨的政策或一個綜合的政策。
The first elements of a collection development policy will be a mission statement of the library, the purpose of this policy and the audience to whom it is addressed. It should also include brief statements about the community or user group(s); description of the types of programs the library collection serves; the size (including number of periodicals, monographic volumes, electronic resources, languages represented) of the collection; a detailed budgetary overview of the money the library will spend on the different types of information resources; and any formal or informal cooperative agreements that affect the collection policy or practices.
館藏發展政策的第一要素將是圖書館的務任說明，政策的目的是滿足群眾。它也應包括簡短說明，關於社會或用戶群們；圖書館館藏服務類型的描述；館藏的規模(包括一些期刊、專題性的書籍、電子資源、語言派)；一份詳細的預算資金概要，關於圖書館將花費在不同類型的資訊資源；和任何正式或非正式的合作協議，其影響館藏的政策或做法。
B. General Statements
Here will be listed characteristics that determine the direction of the development of the collection such as: current focus only or also retrospective acquisitions; the resource types (monographs, periodicals, theses, gray literature, maps, etc.); languages; formats (printed, nonprint or electronic); special sources of funding (a grant or gift from a donor); the policy regarding gifts and any special policies regarding maintenance (weeding, discarding, preservation) of the collection; and size of the collections. Other statements can be about how complaints are handled; if there is an equivalent to the "Library Bill of Rights"; about other relevant policies; what limitations exist - what subjects or areas are intentionally not collected etc.
在這裡將列出決定館藏發展方向的特點，如：目前的或追溯到以前的採購重點；資源類型(專著、期刊、論文、灰色文獻、地圖等)；語言；形式(紙本、非紙本或電子的)；特殊的經費來源(補助或捐助者捐贈)；關於贈送的政策和任何關於館藏維持(淘汰、丟棄、保存)的特殊政策；和館藏的規模的大小。其他說明可以是關於如何處理投訴；如果有一個相當於“圖書館權利法案”；關於其他相關政策；存在什麼限制-什麼主題或領域是故意不收集的等等。
C. Narrative Statements
Each institution, including its community and other constituents, is unique. Therefore, its policy statements will be unique. The policy statements should reflect this particular library and the community it serves.
每個機構，包括其社區和其他組成要素，是獨一無二的。因此，其政策聲明將是獨一無二的。該政策聲明，應反映這一特定的圖書館和其服務的社區。
•Statements should be made of special subject or format collections that represent unique materials and for which special guidelines apply, and which formats are excluded.
聲明應由特別的主題或特別形式的集合組成，其適用於代表獨特的資料、特殊指南、被排除在外的格式。
•The scope of coverage should be described (languages collected or excluded; geographical areas covered and/or specific areas excluded; chronological periods covered by the collection in terms of intellectual content and in terms of publication dates and specific periods excluded).
涵蓋的範圍應予以說明(語文收集或排除在外；涵蓋的地理區域和/或排除在外的特定領域；依時間順序時期所涉及的館藏知識內容、出版日期、排除在外的特定時期)。
•Subjects should be described in terms of the library’s classification scheme and subject descriptors.
主題應該在圖書館的分類法和主題描述的方面來描述。
•Library unit or selector responsible for the collection(s).
圖書館的單位或選擇者負責館藏。
•Other categories of useful local information, such as interdisciplinary relationships; consortial relationships; policies for acquiring access to information.
其他有用的本地資訊種類，如各學科間的關係；聯盟關係；取得近用資訊的政策。
•Other factors of local importance.
其他當地的重要因素。
D. Subject Profiles
This section of the policy is based upon collection assessment (also referred to as collection evaluation) and needs periodic updating to reflect progress towards goals or goal revision due to changing circumstances. The preferred presentation is a set of conspectus reports, which include all appropriate collection information. Conspectus means an overview or summary of collection strength and collecting intensities – arranged by subject, classification scheme, or combination of either, and containing standardized codes for collection or collecting levels and languages of materials collected. Such a conspectus is a synopsis of a library’s collection or of a consortium’s or network’s coordinated collection development overview or policy. The first conspectus was developed by the Research Libraries Group (RLG) and was subsequently adapted by other groups such as the WLN (Western Library Network). The information should be provided for each conspectus division (24), category (500) and subject (4000) evaluated by the library. See the Appendix for the list of the 24 Conspectus Divisions.
本節的政策是以館藏的評估為基礎(也稱為館藏評價)，需要定期更新，以反映目標的進展情況或目標由於不斷變化情況的修訂情況。首先的介紹是一套概論報告，其中包括所有適當的館藏資訊。概論意指館藏強度和收集強度的概要或總結-安排的主題、分類計劃、或兩者之中的組合，並包含館藏的標準規範或收集層次和語言資料的收集。這樣的概論是一個圖書館館藏或聯合館藏的概要，或網路的一致館藏發展的概述或政策概述。最先的概論是由研究圖書館團體(RLG)發展，隨後由其他團體(如WLN(西部圖書館網路))作出修改。資訊應該提供給每個概論部份(24)、類別(500)和主題(4000)藉由圖書館的評估。見附錄列表中的24個概論部份。
The assessment is achieved by a number of steps which include planning, gathering data, assigning collection depth indicators (or levels) and language codes. This information is used to manage the library's resources and to make other decisions relevant to the general operations.
評估的完成藉由若干個步驟，其中包括規劃、收集資料、指定館藏深度指標(或水平)和語言規範。此資訊是用來管理圖書館的資源和作出其他有關一般活動的決定。
館藏發展政策要點
A. Introduction
The main reason to write a collection development policy is to prevent the library from being driven by events or by individual enthusiasms and from purchasing a random set of resources, which may not support the mission of the library. Besides, electronic resources are becoming increasingly important to libraries of all types and sizes, and are consuming an ever-increasing share of library budgets. Therefore, selection decisions concerning electronic information resources should also be made within an explicit collection development policy. This might be a separate policy or an integrated one.
寫一份館藏發展政策最主要的原因，是為了防止圖書館被事件或個別的熱情驅使而購買一套隨機的資源，這資源可能不支持圖書館的任務。此外，電子資源對所有類型和規模的圖書館來說，正變得越來越重要，以及圖書館花費越來越多的預算在這上面。因此，也應有明確的館藏發展政策，甄選決定關於電子資訊資源。這可能是一個單獨的政策或一個綜合的政策。
The first elements of a collection development policy will be a mission statement of the library, the purpose of this policy and the audience to whom it is addressed. It should also include brief statements about the community or user group(s); description of the types of programs the library collection serves; the size (including number of periodicals, monographic volumes, electronic resources, languages represented) of the collection; a detailed budgetary overview of the money the library will spend on the different types of information resources; and any formal or informal cooperative agreements that affect the collection policy or practices.
館藏發展政策的第一要素將是圖書館的務任說明，政策的目的是滿足群眾。它也應包括簡短說明，關於社會或用戶群們；圖書館館藏服務類型的描述；館藏的規模(包括一些期刊、專題性的書籍、電子資源、語言派)；一份詳細的預算資金概要，關於圖書館將花費在不同類型的資訊資源；和任何正式或非正式的合作協議，其影響館藏的政策或做法。
B. General Statements
Here will be listed characteristics that determine the direction of the development of the collection such as: current focus only or also retrospective acquisitions; the resource types (monographs, periodicals, theses, gray literature, maps, etc.); languages; formats (printed, nonprint or electronic); special sources of funding (a grant or gift from a donor); the policy regarding gifts and any special policies regarding maintenance (weeding, discarding, preservation) of the collection; and size of the collections. Other statements can be about how complaints are handled; if there is an equivalent to the "Library Bill of Rights"; about other relevant policies; what limitations exist - what subjects or areas are intentionally not collected etc.
在這裡將列出決定館藏發展方向的特點，如：目前的或追溯到以前的採購重點；資源類型(專著、期刊、論文、灰色文獻、地圖等)；語言；形式(紙本、非紙本或電子的)；特殊的經費來源(補助或捐助者捐贈)；關於贈送的政策和任何關於館藏維持(淘汰、丟棄、保存)的特殊政策；和館藏的規模的大小。其他說明可以是關於如何處理投訴；如果有一個相當於“圖書館權利法案”；關於其他相關政策；存在什麼限制-什麼主題或領域是故意不收集的等等。
C. Narrative Statements
Each institution, including its community and other constituents, is unique. Therefore, its policy statements will be unique. The policy statements should reflect this particular library and the community it serves.
每個機構，包括其社區和其他組成要素，是獨一無二的。因此，其政策聲明將是獨一無二的。該政策聲明，應反映這一特定的圖書館和其服務的社區。
•Statements should be made of special subject or format collections that represent unique materials and for which special guidelines apply, and which formats are excluded.
聲明應由特別的主題或特別形式的集合組成，其適用於代表獨特的資料、特殊指南、被排除在外的格式。
•The scope of coverage should be described (languages collected or excluded; geographical areas covered and/or specific areas excluded; chronological periods covered by the collection in terms of intellectual content and in terms of publication dates and specific periods excluded).
涵蓋的範圍應予以說明(語文收集或排除在外；涵蓋的地理區域和/或排除在外的特定領域；依時間順序時期所涉及的館藏知識內容、出版日期、排除在外的特定時期)。
•Subjects should be described in terms of the library’s classification scheme and subject descriptors.
主題應該在圖書館的分類法和主題描述的方面來描述。
•Library unit or selector responsible for the collection(s).
圖書館的單位或選擇者負責館藏。
•Other categories of useful local information, such as interdisciplinary relationships; consortial relationships; policies for acquiring access to information.
其他有用的本地資訊種類，如各學科間的關係；聯盟關係；取得近用資訊的政策。
•Other factors of local importance.
其他當地的重要因素。
D. Subject Profiles
This section of the policy is based upon collection assessment (also referred to as collection evaluation) and needs periodic updating to reflect progress towards goals or goal revision due to changing circumstances. The preferred presentation is a set of conspectus reports, which include all appropriate collection information. Conspectus means an overview or summary of collection strength and collecting intensities – arranged by subject, classification scheme, or combination of either, and containing standardized codes for collection or collecting levels and languages of materials collected. Such a conspectus is a synopsis of a library’s collection or of a consortium’s or network’s coordinated collection development overview or policy. The first conspectus was developed by the Research Libraries Group (RLG) and was subsequently adapted by other groups such as the WLN (Western Library Network). The information should be provided for each conspectus division (24), category (500) and subject (4000) evaluated by the library. See the Appendix for the list of the 24 Conspectus Divisions.
本節的政策是以館藏的評估為基礎(也稱為館藏評價)，需要定期更新，以反映目標的進展情況或目標由於不斷變化情況的修訂情況。首先的介紹是一套概論報告，其中包括所有適當的館藏資訊。概論意指館藏強度和收集強度的概要或總結-安排的主題、分類計劃、或兩者之中的組合，並包含館藏的標準規範或收集層次和語言資料的收集。這樣的概論是一個圖書館館藏或聯合館藏的概要，或網路的一致館藏發展的概述或政策概述。最先的概論是由研究圖書館團體(RLG)發展，隨後由其他團體(如WLN(西部圖書館網路))作出修改。資訊應該提供給每個概論部份(24)、類別(500)和主題(4000)藉由圖書館的評估。見附錄列表中的24個概論部份。
The assessment is achieved by a number of steps which include planning, gathering data, assigning collection depth indicators (or levels) and language codes. This information is used to manage the library's resources and to make other decisions relevant to the general operations.
評估的完成藉由若干個步驟，其中包括規劃、收集資料、指定館藏深度指標(或水平)和語言規範。此資訊是用來管理圖書館的資源和作出其他有關一般活動的決定。
2008年12月7日 星期日
開放近用資訊筆記 - 12.04
Open Access in the Natural Sciences
By Wolfgang Voges, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Owing to the large number of disciplines and the extremely varied ways of handling scientific knowledge, the willingness of scientists to grant Open Access to research results is not uniform. The arguments for and against the Open Access movement are complex and sometimes controversial. Therefore a description and evaluation granting every aspect of the argument the attention it deserves cannot be given in this brief contribution. For example, there are several fields where commercial considerations regarding inventions and patent rights play such a large role that we cannot expect cost-free access to research results and data, either now or in the future.
由於大量的學科和極為不同的科學知識處理方法，科學家同意開放近用研究結果的意願並不一致。在贊成和反對的開放近用運動是複雜的，有時也會引起爭議。因此，在這簡短的文獻裡，不能描述和評價每一個方面的論點裡的重點。例如，有幾個領域和商業考量有關的，如發明和專利權利就扮演很重要的角色，無論是現在或將來，我們不能指望免費獲得近用研究成果和數據。
I will limit myself to a rough description of the situation in the fields of astronomy and astrophysics in which a differentiated but predominantly positive attitude towards Open Access prevails. Research results in publications are generally handled quite liberally. Scientists wish to have their findings disseminated quickly and widely in order to allow global discussion and thus growth in knowledge. Electronic distribution and availability lend themselves to this objective. In many areas of physics it has been possible for years to make new publications awaiting peer review available for free on an electronic pre-print server (http://lanl.arXiv.org). So far, more than 415 000 e-prints have been deposited there, and the much discussed problem of quality control also seems to have been solved satisfactorily on this server.
Particularly in the field of astronomy, every 10-15 years a new generation of instruments provides more detailed data, permitting new approaches and insights. This rapid turnover causes ‘old’ data to lose some of their value. Their short lifespan requires research results to be published quickly, to be freely accessible, and to be speedily discussed.
特別是在天文學領域中，每10年至15年新一代的儀器提供更詳細的數據，允許新的方法和見解。這種快速周轉的原因'舊'的數據失去他們的一些價值。他們的壽命短，需要研究成果將刊登迅速，將可自由近用並迅速予以討論。
In my opinion, it is imperative to apply the Open Access philosophy not just to publications but also to primary data. This includes, for example, the provision of tools for data analysis, data mining and for the presentation of data and results. However, the willingness to make these data available at an early stage varies. While scientists involved in space research have always ensured the early availability and longterm safeguarding of their recorded data, this is not yet the case for earth-bound observations. A frequent line of argument is that financial means are only provided for the science itself and not for services such as archiving data. The solution here is to change the funders’ way of thinking, and to accustom scientists with the need to take into account the cost of publishing data when planning grant applications.
A much-discussed issue in this context is the necessity for a certain ‘embargo period’ during which scientists would have the exclusive right to evaluate ‘their’ data. Many publishers incorporate this type of embargo period into copyright agreements. In this context, scientists would favour a standardised and uncomplicated form that they can fill out quickly.
There are already some examples of excellent Open Access journals that can boast considerable impact factors (e.g. New Journal of Physics, Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, as well as the Open Access journals of the European Geosciences Union). However, their acceptance amongst scientists is still relatively low. At the moment, traditional methods of publication are still preferred, since some fear that otherwise their colleagues would not find and quote their article. There is still much convincing to be done here and incentives have to be created to promote the submission of works to Open Access journals. Thus the Max Planck Society takes responsibility for the fees required to publish work in the New Journal of Physics. Traditional publishers should also examine the various opportunities created by the electronic age in order to introduce future products to the market that will appeal to the scientific community and guarantee their survival. Together with the scientists, the challenge should be accepted and new forms of publication should be developed.
By Wolfgang Voges, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Owing to the large number of disciplines and the extremely varied ways of handling scientific knowledge, the willingness of scientists to grant Open Access to research results is not uniform. The arguments for and against the Open Access movement are complex and sometimes controversial. Therefore a description and evaluation granting every aspect of the argument the attention it deserves cannot be given in this brief contribution. For example, there are several fields where commercial considerations regarding inventions and patent rights play such a large role that we cannot expect cost-free access to research results and data, either now or in the future.
由於大量的學科和極為不同的科學知識處理方法，科學家同意開放近用研究結果的意願並不一致。在贊成和反對的開放近用運動是複雜的，有時也會引起爭議。因此，在這簡短的文獻裡，不能描述和評價每一個方面的論點裡的重點。例如，有幾個領域和商業考量有關的，如發明和專利權利就扮演很重要的角色，無論是現在或將來，我們不能指望免費獲得近用研究成果和數據。
I will limit myself to a rough description of the situation in the fields of astronomy and astrophysics in which a differentiated but predominantly positive attitude towards Open Access prevails. Research results in publications are generally handled quite liberally. Scientists wish to have their findings disseminated quickly and widely in order to allow global discussion and thus growth in knowledge. Electronic distribution and availability lend themselves to this objective. In many areas of physics it has been possible for years to make new publications awaiting peer review available for free on an electronic pre-print server (http://lanl.arXiv.org). So far, more than 415 000 e-prints have been deposited there, and the much discussed problem of quality control also seems to have been solved satisfactorily on this server.
Particularly in the field of astronomy, every 10-15 years a new generation of instruments provides more detailed data, permitting new approaches and insights. This rapid turnover causes ‘old’ data to lose some of their value. Their short lifespan requires research results to be published quickly, to be freely accessible, and to be speedily discussed.
特別是在天文學領域中，每10年至15年新一代的儀器提供更詳細的數據，允許新的方法和見解。這種快速周轉的原因'舊'的數據失去他們的一些價值。他們的壽命短，需要研究成果將刊登迅速，將可自由近用並迅速予以討論。
In my opinion, it is imperative to apply the Open Access philosophy not just to publications but also to primary data. This includes, for example, the provision of tools for data analysis, data mining and for the presentation of data and results. However, the willingness to make these data available at an early stage varies. While scientists involved in space research have always ensured the early availability and longterm safeguarding of their recorded data, this is not yet the case for earth-bound observations. A frequent line of argument is that financial means are only provided for the science itself and not for services such as archiving data. The solution here is to change the funders’ way of thinking, and to accustom scientists with the need to take into account the cost of publishing data when planning grant applications.
A much-discussed issue in this context is the necessity for a certain ‘embargo period’ during which scientists would have the exclusive right to evaluate ‘their’ data. Many publishers incorporate this type of embargo period into copyright agreements. In this context, scientists would favour a standardised and uncomplicated form that they can fill out quickly.
There are already some examples of excellent Open Access journals that can boast considerable impact factors (e.g. New Journal of Physics, Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, as well as the Open Access journals of the European Geosciences Union). However, their acceptance amongst scientists is still relatively low. At the moment, traditional methods of publication are still preferred, since some fear that otherwise their colleagues would not find and quote their article. There is still much convincing to be done here and incentives have to be created to promote the submission of works to Open Access journals. Thus the Max Planck Society takes responsibility for the fees required to publish work in the New Journal of Physics. Traditional publishers should also examine the various opportunities created by the electronic age in order to introduce future products to the market that will appeal to the scientific community and guarantee their survival. Together with the scientists, the challenge should be accepted and new forms of publication should be developed.
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